Fashion in Harry Stilson’s time

 

Easter bonnets. These days we parody them like these pictures of my aunt Anne at the family Easter egg hunt and my triplet grandbabies but back in Harry Stilson’s time, fashion was taken very seriously. I found an article in the Richmond Times Dispatch on April 12, 1925 that reported that the first man wearing a straw hat was seen at 1^St & Franklin and summer attire had officially begun.  Harry’s tenants, the Crawfords, posed on Grayland Avenue and yes, straw hats were still in season in September.

Women wore hats (and white gloves) whenever they were in public. This hat department photo of Harry’s could have been an advertisement shot. Without notes or labels, that’s just a guess.

I believe the man posing here is in the Salvation Army band. The lady beside him is fashionably attired, I suppose. What a coat!

Bathing attire at Shields Lake was less revealing than today’s bikinis but still considered scandalous in some circles. I have a journal entry where Harry mentions showing his African-American friends, Mary Sparrow and Mary Taylor, bathing pictures which inspired bawdy comments. That visit was just one where I marvel at Harry’s audacity. For a middle-aged white man to be comfortable in a black household was uncommon but to visit and discuss bathing attire with ladies of any color was quite unheard of.

I pity kids in those days. Their clothing was uncomfortable and not conducive to playing. Below is “Mrs. Stone’s son” with Harry’s shadow in the photo. Little boys wore dresses and I always laugh when I see this picture of my father and his sister Norma, the least girly kid ever. She grew up to be a bridge engineer and I don’t remember her in dresses. Ever. Certainly not like this!

  

 

 

 

 

Harry even documented fashionable lounge wear for men. His neighbor, Jack Proctor, appeared in many photographs but this one of him in his jammies is a rare view of intimate clothing. Jack married the daughter of the Stilsons’ neighbors, Mr. and Mrs. Elam. Ironically, decades later, I discovered that my friend Dolores Miller is kin to the Elams. She shared a story for my WWI book, From Richmond to France, and it sounded so familiar. It was familiar. Harry related the same story in his journal in 1918. Now the Elams’ descendants can giggle over great-uncle Jack’s PJs.

This Grayland Avenue photo of Harry and his daughter, Anita (my grandmother) indicates the formality of those days. I believe this was a reunion when Anita and her husband came to Richmond but, unlike today’s hugs, a handshake sufficed. I suppose that in a society that wore suits to the beach and heels to garden, a PDA or any demonstration of affection was simply out of the question. It just wasn’t done.

 

Right: Harry’s sister Vera, with women he sold photos to on a two-day vacation to Virginia Beach.

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Red-lining Harry’s Richmond

Red-lining wasn’t a term on my radar until I became a Realtor in 1986. It’s the practice of drawing map lines on minority neighborhoods to designate “risky” loan areas for lenders. I grew up in Richmond very much aware of segregation in housing but not the word “red-lining.” When my great-grandfather, Harry Stilson, ran a Richmond streetcar route from 1909 until his death in 1934, neighborhoods were segregated…sort of.

                                                 Don’s neighbor holding the Stilson cat

Jackson Ward was comprised mostly of African-Americans and Jewish immigrants and there was separation within the neighborhoods but you might have a pocket of three or four Jewish families, then black, then Jewish again. For a while, Harry lived in the Byrd Park area on Gilbert Street and they must have had black neighbors because my great-uncle Don was photographed beside his African-American friend and one envelope of negatives described “Don and his colored friends from the neighborhood playing in the yard.” City neighborhoods were segregated but often block by block or even house by house. My oral history sources confirmed that in their stories. Aleck Mollen’s father, a Jewish storeowner in Shockoe Bottom, lived above the family store and rented the basement to a black family. Mr. Mollen said “They lived there and they didn’t bother us and we didn’t bother them. We just all lived there.” One of my white sources recalled that his family was so poor that they envied the black kids whose families owned their homes.

                        Jewish storekeepers Mr. & Mrs. Shurrick’s store, 17th & Fairfield

Lenders weren’t concerned about making (or not making) loans to African-Americans in particular areas because they didn’t give mortgages to any black folks. In those days, there were few borrowing options available to African-Americans and insurance was rarely offered to blacks.

Social organizations such as the Independent Order of St. Luke and the Astoria Beneficial Society filled that gap. Members paid dues and were eligible for burial insurance or medical bill assistance. Harry noted a donation in his journal: “3/2/19 To help bury a colored man .25” so the practice of pitching in extended beyond social societies.

Hearse (third vehicle down) at tobacco factory, Bowe Street, presumably belonging  to                                          African-American funeral home across street

Maggie L. Walker was instrumental in offering mortgages and encouraging home ownership to African-Americans in Richmond through her St. Luke Penny Saving Bank but owning a home was difficult for minorities and to have Census records state that your home was “O” (owned) instead of “R” (rented) was a matter of extreme pride. Harry Stilson’s friend Samuel F. Sparrow and his wife Mary C. Sparrow owned their house at 602 Elizabeth Street. Harry took house pictures for them to share on a trip to Philadelphia. I wish I could identify that home but it’s an unlabeled house in a collection of hundreds of unidentified locations and 602 Elizabeth Street no longer exists. Across the street from Maggie L. Walker Governor School, Elizabeth Street is just a block long these days and the Sparrow home only exists in Harry’s journal and perhaps in a Stilson photograph. I find satisfaction in reading in the 1920 U.S. Census that a railroad porter and his wife were homeowners and knowing that my great-grandfather was a visitor in their home on several occasions.

                                                   Sam & Mary Sparrow & Mary Taylor

As a real estate broker and as an American, it appalls me to hear that African-Americans still face discrimination in lending. Studies document vast discrepancies in the number of approved loans of households whose only differences were color. It was wrong in Harry’s time and it’s even more unacceptable in his great-granddaughter’s time.  Knowing how hard Sam & Mary Sparrow worked to own their home, it breaks my heart to think that families today can’t do the same. Harry Stilson wouldn’t approve of red-lining and we shouldn’t allow it either.

Segregation, Streetcars, & Harry

Segregation in the early 1900s was pervasive. In Richmond, Jackson Ward was the premier African-American community but it was comprised of Jewish immigrants as well. According to “Miss Ruby” Turner, a well-known activist for race relations, even in Jackson Ward people divided by race. Miss Ruby was quoted in my book, On the West Clay Line describing how each neighborhood had black families, then what she called a “Jew store” with the owners living above it and “Jew families” living beside the store. Please understand that Miss Ruby’s language was not derogatory. She declared “Jews…they are my friends. Where did we learn what we know about God? From whom did we learn it? From the Jews!” A visit with Miss Ruby was always a lesson in tolerance and diversity. She went on to say “People who carry this hatred (of other religions & races)…they may look good on the outside but they’re miserable.” She also pointed out that segregation existed even within the black community. “The people on the other side of Lombardy were “the other” colored folks. We colored folks were a little bit above the “other colored folks.” Also the people that lived down Second Street way and Brook Avenue…we were more segregated than y’all were. That’s the way it was.” Trust Miss Ruby to point out that not only color but also money and education created separation and bitterness back then just as it does in America today.

However, segregation has always been selective in Richmond. Irving Haggins remembered that his playmate, Gilbert Grossman, was a white Jewish boy who was not allowed to play with any other black kids. Mr. Haggins laughed when he said “I guess, to him, we seemed like the most prominent ones in the neighborhood.” Harry Stilson’s opinion of segregation was expressed in his speech of 1907 when he suggested integrated schools and churches to promote diversity. I don’t think either term “integration” or “diversity” was common back then but that’s what Harry advocated and his actions spoke louder than words. One of my favorite Stilson photographs is of Harry’s son, Don, and his friend.

A hot issue was segregation on streetcars. In 1904, before Harry Stilson came to Richmond and became a streetcar driver, the General Assembly passed the “Act Concerning Public Transportation” which allowed segregation on streetcars. The Virginia Passenger & Power Company decided to enforce that law which led to a boycott of streetcars by African-Americans. John Mitchell, Jr. and Maggie Walker, both prominent leaders in Richmond’s black community, supported that resistance action. There had been friction between Richmond’s African-American streetcar passengers and conductors for some time. Conductors were assigned the job of separating black from white on streetcars and as the car ran its route, the racial makeup of the car changed. That allowed conductors to move black passengers farther back, sometimes several times during one trip.

One fact worth remembering is this: streetcar fares were expensive and the black passengers who had paid for the ride deserved that seat. Miss Ruby: “Streetcar fare was seven cents and the bus was eight cents and my mother, instead of using the streetcar or bus, she’d use that money for food. And we’d walk.” The streetcar boycott, like later bus boycotts, was effective but over time, it lost momentum and, by the time Harry went to work as a streetcar motorman, black passengers sat in the back and whites in the front as evidenced by this African-American woman, the only passenger on the car.

I’ve noticed that Harry often captured black and white people together in daily activities. These unknown boys in Jackson Ward are one example and another is the two icemen in front of Harry’s home on Grayland Avenue. I have no proof that he was trying to make a point in those photographs; after all, I inherited about 5,000 of his images, but they support his contention that “familiarity” would create “better citizens having more respect for each other and less strife.”

 

We don’t segregate on public transportation any longer. Harry would be pleased. But I don’t think he’d be happy with the racial tensions of America in 2018. None of us should. Black History is celebrated for one month. Why not all year? Harry called for more respect and less strife a century ago. Isn’t it time that his words were fulfilled? And all God’s children said “Amen.”

 

Richmond’s black churches & Harry

It’s a Sunday in Black History Month. Good time to share a few of Harry Stilson’s photographs of churches and church folks. Across the street from Maggie Walker Governor’s School at the corner of Moore Street & Elizabeth stands a church. Its predecessor was First Union Baptist Church and the original building, visible in several of Harry’s images, burned down and was replaced with the existing structure. First Union is special to me because it’s integral to my Richmond In Sight journey. Here’s the story…

When my father died, I inherited about 200 photographs his grandfather had taken. I had seen a few of the pictures before but was amazed by the variety and scope of subjects and locations. Later, when my aunt’s Alzheimer’s forced her to move in with me, I discovered thousands more negatives, prints, even Harry’s movie camera in her basement but that first glimpse into my great-grandfather’s collection offered the following mystery.

On the back of one photograph, Harry had written “I made some $10 of these pictures of Preacher Thomas, colored, lying in state in his little church.” It was dated and I felt sure someone could identify Preacher Thomas so I took the picture around Richmond, to churches, Virginia Union, businesses. I failed to positively identify him but by then I was hooked. I wanted to know more about the people and places in Harry Stilson’s photographs. That search was the seed for Richmond In Sight. It was two years later that the mystery was solved. I found an envelope of negatives with “Union Church” written on it and when I reversed the negative, the church didn’t look like the structure in what is now Carver. I went online and found that the original building had burned down. Then I read that First Union’s pastor, the Reverend William Thomas, died in 1922, the date on Harry’s picture. I called the church, was connected with Preacher Thomas’ granddaughters and formed a friendship. I still believe that the kids in this picture with First Union in the background are part of the very large Thomas family. We’ve redone the pictures, making them clearer so I need to revisit Queen & Margaret. They might recognize these kids in their Sunday-go-to-meeting clothes as aunts and uncles.

I believe that Harry Stilson took pictures that incorporated Jackson Ward churches in the background but I haven’t identified them yet. He must have because there are lots of churches in the area and Harry’s African-American photo subjects were proud of their churches’ rich history but many of Harry’s 5,000 images are unlabeled and identifying backgrounds is labor-and-time-intensive. Since I can’t show you Ebenezer or Sixth Mount Zion, let’s pretend these folks are dressed up in their Sunday best and on their way to those or other Jackson Ward churches.

 

One church, Moore Street Church on Leigh Street, is prominent in several photographs of Richmond’s African-American troops returning from WWI. Here you see flags flying from every house and Moore Street Church on the left. The houses beside the church are no longer there but Moore Street Church is still a vibrant and significant part of the community. Jackson Ward of Harry Stilson’s day was a proud and powerful example of what a black community can do. In celebrating Black History Month, we should remember the role of churches in America. The same faith that built the churches of Jackson Ward and kept them vibrant for over a century sustains its people and inspires them. Courage, perseverance, and determination have brought us here and we’ve just begun.

Leigh Street, Moore Street Church on left in rear, African-American soldiers in far distance on parade as they returned from France

Hartshorn Memorial College & Harry

Hartshorn Memorial College was the first African-American women’s school to award baccalaureate degrees and it was located in Richmond, where Maggie Walker Governor’s School now stands. There was a streetcar stop at the school and Harry Stilson’s car lingered there so he could take photographs of students, staff, and buildings.

The 1920 U.S. Census lists Miss Julia Elwin, teacher, shown above, as living at 1600 W. Leigh, so she lived on campus. Hartshorn’s teachers were white with the exception of  the wife of a Virginia Union professor but that was common in those days. Virginia Union was the first school in the country to have African-American teachers and Harry took pictures of them, too. Unfortunately, he didn’t label the pictures of Dr. Riggler and Dr. Jones so I can’t identify them. In the photo below, students are “tatting” but, while Hartshorn taught domestic skills, it concentrated on academics and the teachers who graduated pursued careers in Richmond and elsewhere.

Harry’s journal had a cryptic note: “Maude E. Brown & Iva Clarke” among Hartshorn photos so I called Virginia Union where their archivist confirmed that those were those of students…of high school. I had not realized that Hartshorn was also a high school until then. Iva’s great-niece is still in Richmond. Someone recognized the name and asked her friend “Is she your great-aunt?” More proof of my conviction that Richmond’s not six degrees of separation but maybe two.

I wonder if Miss Julia was supervising girls in the dorm December 6, 1920. In the photo below, Harry’s tripod is at the fence and you might not be able to see this but a man is crawling out of the first floor corner window of this dorm.  Harry took pictures of significant events as well as insignificant events like this one. It was only important to the parents of the girl in that corner room!

Hartshorn’s ‘brother school,’ Virginia Union, offered an unusual feature in its infancy: a working farm, power plant and water supply. Its adjacent Industrial Training School housed pigs, cows, and chickens and vegetable gardens and students were expected to maintain the plant and farm, which supplied the school as well as generating income. The wagon below, in front of Hartshorn, was probably in route to Virginia Union just across the trestle where Union student Percy Jones stood. This was a rare Stilson photo of  Virginia Union, possibly because it was not on his streetcar route.

Hartshorn was torn down around 1932 when the school merged with Virginia Union. It  sickens me to think of the destruction of those glorious buildings. During World War I, this dorm was decorated with patriotic flags and Harry took a picture of his conductor in front of it.  According to Wikipedia, Hartshorn students were not allowed to ride streetcars but that didn’t prevent my great-grandfather from participating in the lives of the girls of Hartshorn. He documented their faces and the face of African-American education in Richmond, a part of Black History Month that we should know and honor.

 

Harry’s Unidentified Black Folks

A significant part of Richmond In Sight’s work is identifying the people and places in Harry Stilson’s photography collection. With approximately 5,000 images, most unlabeled, this is no small job but I’m determined to locate not only landmarks, buildings, and events, but also descendants of folks that Harry captured in his photos. Sharing a picture of a grandparent or great-uncle is a joy and amazingly, it happens more than a few times in my work.

When the Richmond Times Dispatch did an article on my work years ago, a woman emailed the paper that she was raised on stories of her mother’s streetcar man, Mr. Stilson, who watched out for her mother and friends. At night, he would stop the streetcar, wait for her mother and Robinette Anderson to walk to their house, and then yell “Are you home yet?” They’d answer “Yes, sir” and his streetcar would move on. I met with Irma Dillard and shared pictures that she had never seen before of her mother, Irma Rainey, and friends from Armstrong High School. Irma is the girl with the glasses, far right. Her daughter identified Goldbug Wilson, Robinette Anderson, Percy Jones and others. This, the first of my detective successes, was by no means the only one.

There are, however, some people that I have searched extensively for but failed. This little girl, named “Miss Rubin Lee Moore” by Harry on the back of her picture, has always touched my heart. I’ve looked in census records and death records but she’s not there. Sometimes Harry misspelled names or made mistakes but I am certain that this child was named Rubin Moore because of this: I met with an elderly woman for oral history but discovered that Alzheimer’s had stolen her memory. Mrs. Warden didn’t know where or when she was born but I thought I’d share the 20 pictures I’d brought, thinking she’d enjoy them anyway. When Rubin appeared, she said “I know this child. She was a childhood playmate of mine.” I asked if she remembered her name and she responded “Rubin Lee Moore. Her parents were Sadie and Earnest Lee Moore and they went to Hampton Institute with my parents.” It still gives me chills. Actually, Earnest Lee also went to Virginia Union. His name is on the plaque of Union students who were in WWI. You’d think I could find a grandchild or nephew or someone but there are a lot of Moores around here. I believe Rubin Lee died as a child because the 1940 Census shows her mother, Sadie, as a widow, and her siblings as teenagers but there is no mention of Rubin Lee. Death notices? Can’t find one. So…this child haunts me still.

Harry took a series of photographs of the Watson family. This hand-tinted picture of“Bessie Watson’s child” should be shared with her family but I can’t locate them either.

Remember Irma and Robinette? They had a friend named Jany Charity and I was sure I’d find her descendants in the Charity families of Richmond. I talked to some Charitys, even found that my kids’ dermatologist, Dr. Royal, was related to the Charity family but no one remembered a Jany. Then I discovered Tamara Copeland’s blog, Daughters of the Dream. We have a lot in common. She said Jany Charity might be a relative so the search is still on. Tamara and I have at least one other tie. My daughter and her husband lived on Edgewood Avenue, the Northside street where Tamara grew up.  See why I wrote in my first book “Richmond…not six degrees of separation, maybe two?” That social network of Richmond just might find Jany for me. Oh, and if you look closely in the background, you’ll see a figure coming up the hill towards Jany. I think that’s our pal Irma Rainey, Irma Dillard’s mama.

In case the point of all this hasn’t struck you, I’ll hammer it home. If your family has been in the Richmond area since the early 1900s, check in with me. Give me names and if you want to email a picture, great. Oh, and there’s this: Richard Lee Bland shared a photograph he’d bought. He recognized it as a Stilson. Same white writing on it as those photos in my book. Harry sold photographs to support his photography and I am confident that family albums contain his images. I’m always on the lookout for Harry’s pictures and you might be able to help me. That two degrees of separation works in my favor, you know.

Black History Month isn’t just about famous folks. It’s about Irma Rainey Dillard, a Richmond teacher remembered by so many people I meet, whose daughter became an attorney. It’s about Earnest Lee Moore, who went to Hampton Institute and Virginia Union, and served his country in World War I. It’s about the unidentified Richmonders in Harry Stilson’s collection that turned his great-granddaughter into Nancy Drew. That famous teenaged sleuth had friends to help her. So do I. Help me put names and stories to the people in Harry Stilson’s photographs. They are all part of our collective history.

Jackson Ward’s Strivers

As Black History Month begins, it struck me that many heroic acts are inspired by our children. We want their lives to be better than ours, for them to go farther and do more than we have. That isn’t new. In Harry Stilson’s time, Richmond’s African-American community in Jackson Ward fought for schools. Public education was a new concept in Richmond for all races but Harry Stilson’s photographs of young people strike me because they were so frequently taken at schools. From a “young colored friend behind the school” as he labeled the girl with an outhouse behind her, believed to be Moore Street School, to students at Hartshorn Memorial College, the first black women’s college to award a baccalaureate degree, located where Maggie Walker Governor’s School is today, and Virginia Union, where Percy Jones poses on the trestle, it’s clear how critical education was to African-Americans. Because those parents sacrificed to provide schools, their children graduated from high school and college and beyond.

In the early 1900s, Jackson Ward included what we now call Carver, the area around the “new” Carver School, built after Harry died. Jackson Ward, comprised mostly of African-Americans and Jewish immigrants, included everything from laborers, slaughterhouse workers at Kingan’s Abbatoire, and cleaning ladies to wealthy business owners like Maggie Walker. Many of the well-to-do lived on Clay Street, which I’ve heard referred to as home to the “strivers.” When I asked what that meant, I was told they were “striving” to get richer, go farther. We’re all strivers in our own way so here are a few of Jackson Ward’s working folks in honor of Black History Month.

Above: cobblestone work on Norton Street at Clay, hand-tinted photo of laundry woman, unidentified man, what I call “cook with an attitude” and Mr. & Mrs. Brooks, Henrico Cafe

If your group would like a presentation of Stilson  images and stories for Black History Month or anytime, there is no charge. We are non-profit so donations are appreciated and I have books for sale and signing at presentations but I’m available to share Harry’s photographs of Richmond. Just contact Richmond In Sight http://www.richmondinsight.com